Saturday, April 28, 2012

Sports and Entertainment: Athletes as Celebrities








Sports and Entertainment: Athletes as Celebrities
Camera, lights, action! Have you ever notice that more and more sports athletes are becoming Hollywood? They are consistently trending as time progresses.  We have seen how popular it is to be a sports athlete and how well it pays to be in the lime-light.  Sports athletes such as T.O, Chad Johnson, and Lamar Odom, have stepped off the field/court, and into Hollywood. Athletes no longer have to the work as a team, but as an individual. It seems like anything athletes do these days is no longer in the sports realm, but in the entertainment realm. Guest speaker Jeff Barker stated that sports reporting is no longer about covering the game, but reporting on athlete’s quirks and personality.  He states that “covering sports is like covering celebrities”. He illustrated in his example of a game he covered in Puerto Rico where a Maryland Terrapins player was caught sporting a Mohawk in which he took a picture and tweeted it. His tweet received more attention that the game itself. It seem as though these days anything a specific athlete does makes the news in some form, whether it’s on blogs, the internet, or on ESPN, they are consistently being talked about and filmed.
Manifesting this point, a journalist once reported that many athletes are getting mani-pedis.  Why is it so important for sporting fans to know this? Specifically, the article stated that New Yorker Tim Tebow, amongst others, was spotted by TMZ at a West Hollywood salon receiving this service.  Dwayne Wade another superstar athlete was more open about his "sports pedicures." "You need to take care of your feet," he told The Wall Street Journal. "My feet aren't going to look any prettier from a pedi, but they feel better from the massaging."  For a more clear description follow link http://news.yahoo.com/trend-alert-pedicures-male-athletes-121000371.html
Furthermore, athletes are becoming so trendy that they are the stars of their own TV Reality show, such as, Dancing with the Star, and Celebrity Apprentice for more athletes on display visit http://blog.chron.com/sportsupdate/2012/02/athletes-on-reality-tv/#3450-26  More black athletes are searching for love and what better way to do it, than on TV, for millions to see, as Terrell Owens, and Chad Ochocinco have done in reality shows as “The Ultimate Catch” and “The T.O Show”. Athletes are trending and will continue to trend, it’s no longer about sports, but about entertainment as a celebrity.
Often sportscasters and fans criticize athletes for allowing themselves to become celebrities.  Such voices believe that the game they play is a job and that it should treat it as such. However, those critics often fail to examine why these athletes crave that attention.  The answer lies in the fact that we as fans give them irrational adoration.  Last night's draft had a preshow that looked similar to the Grammys preshow, complete with cameras, limos, and a red carpet. It’s the fans that are so passionate about their team that the mere potential of success can launch an athlete into stardom.  RG3 has yet to throw one professional pass, and the DC area has already dubbed him the savior of the Redskins. When you take a second to think about it, it’s ridiculous, especially since hardly anyone  had heard of him until late this season.  He’s walking into an organization with the entire weight of it on his shoulders, and the fans and the media are to blame. It’s great to give confidence to young players, but it begs the question if ‘celebratizing’ a player like RG3 puts an unrealistic amount of pressure on him?  If so, could this excessive pressure negatively affect his play?
Having so much attention may cause athletes to lose their focus on what they’re being paid to do. Often athletes become the symbol of their state/city, which is a lot of responsibility for one to handle. Giving young players so much money and saying their name everyday on national television seems to be ideal circumstances for the development of trouble. When one becomes a celebrity athlete it gives them a false sense of entitlement, he or she may (consciously or not) feel above the average person. They think they can get away with breaking the law and being reckless simply because of whom they are.   Unfortunately, because we as a society ‘pedistalize’ celebrity athletes, they do get away with things that an average person may not.  This problematic pattern is compounded by the consequences of favored treatment, which can involve criminal activity, abusing drugs, drinking and driving and other reckless behavior. While there are negatives to turning athletes into celebrities, they are also potential positives.  When a popular athlete is the face and symbol of a city, it gives him or her the unique opportunity to make differences in that area.  Everyone knows Suh of the Lions for his aggressive style of play. However in a low-income school’s football gear was stolen, Suh took it upon himself to have Nike provide the high school with all new football equipment at his expense. The things Peyton Manning did for the Colts organization may never be matched again. He basically built that stadium. 
It would benefit these players if perhaps their coverage on ESPN/ Sports Center could find a happy medium between reporting on them and sensationalizing them. But again, that is what us diehard fans want to see, we never get tired of watching our star players face across the television.
David Beckham serves as another example of this pattern.  Beckham’s rise to popularity through his on-field success, and subsequent off-field endorsement deals afforded him celebrity status.  His athletic presence and off-field image invariably contributed to this notoriety.  Beckham’s marriage and parenthood shared with Posh Spice made him an ideal candidate for superstardom.  One case study investigates what is termed “the Beckham brand,” in which it is posited that his appeal and dealings in the sports and entertainment worlds are heavily motivated by his marketability.  The full article can be read by clicking the following link:
The introduction of this nexus between sports and entertainment warrants further investigation.  One must question what implications this nexus has upon the integrity of sport.  Individuals gaze upon others as a form of entertainment, thus the rise in athlete celebrity may lengthen one’s gaze and intensify one’s interest.  Such notoriety may heighten intimacy between the athlete and the fan, wherein media’s consistent provision of information regarding an athlete offers unparalleled access to the star’s life.
Furthermore, the frequent use of celebrities as endorsers of products has encouraged, if not facilitated this pattern.  Given the importance of sports in our society, it is no wonder that athletes are propelled to celebrity status; our consumer world provides an ideal platform upon which one can promote him or herself off of the court.  The athlete thus becomes representative of popular culture and their influence and popularity as celebrity must be considered in a broader social context.
Overall, this transition points to the increasing commercialization of sport and of sporting association’s athletes.  The merging of the athletic and entertainment spheres thus solidifies the primacy of sports; through offering incomparable exposure within personal and professional contexts, and monetary compensation for said coverage, athletes are catapulted to superstardom transcendent of the court or field. 

Saturday, April 14, 2012

Fan Aggression




Aggression in Sports, From the Court to the Stands: Spectators and Aggressive Behaviors
What is it about a sport that causes the expression of such intense emotion from people? What is it about a sport, or a team, or a player that can cause a sane individual to burst out in so much rage? For anyone that is passionate about a sport or team it’s easy to relate to that feeling of “fan aggression” When a Yankee’s fan is sitting next to a Red Sox fan or when a Raven’s fan is listening to a loud Steelers fan taunt them about how many super bowls rings they have. We don’t know why, but that can spark a feeling of aggression inside ourselves. Our more rationale half knows it’s foolish to become this upset or angry with someone over a sport, but for the passionate sports fan, they still feel it.  There are many different possible explanations for this. One is the Catharsis Doctrine, which explains that fans act out in aggression or enjoy sports with aggression as a way to release their own tensions and anger about things going on in their day-to-day lives. Somehow screaming at the television becomes a release for aggression one feels that day after being chewed out by their boss. Another reason may be that sports provide an escape. When one is so deeply committed to a team, nothing else matters when he or she is watching that team play. All the trials and tribulations of the world seem to disappear, and the only thing that matters is the game. When one thinks deeply about it, maybe an individual getting so worked up isn’t so confusing. We would all like to escape from life every once in a while.  Thus, if watching the Cowboys beat the Redskins is a way of escaping the stresses of everyday life, or ia viewed as the only thing that went right over a weekend, it is easier to believe that when the Cowboys miss what would be the winning goal, and a Redskins fan is taunting him, that a person may lose sight of his or her better judgment and act aggressively.  It’s almost as if individuals are protecting their right to “escape” when they are supporting their own team. 
Over the past years, as sports have become more a more widely accessible phenomenon, several events have been punctuated by incidences of spectator violence.  Such cases include the fight between Ron Artest and teammates, and on-looking fans, and the incidence of aggression following a soccer match in Egypt.  In order to fully understand these events and the accompanying implications, one must relive them:
The roar of the crowd erupts like an army charging into the line of fire. People globally have an identification to teams which leads to narcissistic behavior like, “my team is better than yours” “Kobe is better than LeBron”.  According to “Behavioral and social motivations for mediated sports consumption” it states that viewers bring some pent-up emotions to the viewing experience. In which we agree with, because there are many times when our day is not going to great and knowing our favorite teams are playing and winning gives us easy and makes our day seem a little better. The book also states that “fans high in release motivation report watching ‘to let loose’, ‘to have a few beers or drinks’, to let off steam’ and ‘to get psyched up’” (322).  This hold true, because we have experience those behaviors when watching sports. Fans enjoy their sports by applauding and shouting in pleasure, and through yelling in displeasure and anger, verbally disputing the tactics of the coaches and players and the calls of officials, and pacing the floor in nervousness and anticipation. We all can attest to doing this all the time when watching sports, if our teams aren’t doing good we yell at the TV in anger, or at the referees wanting to hunt them down or have them fired for not officiating the game fair. Fans tend to have a group affiliation to some team. This group affiliation is formed at home, schools, and regionally. This gives us a pride to support teams that represent our state, in beating out the competition and winning a ranking spot in history. However, there is a downside to this euphoric high. Competition tends to bring out the worst in an individual, we have seen this is many games when fans snap and cause havoc. For example, The Pistons versus Pacers brawl of 2004 in which fans felt disrespect my “Word Peace” formally known as “Ron Artest” by disrespecting one of the Pistons players, when a fan threw a cup at Word Peace who then leaped into the crowd and sort out the fan to strike him which erupted into a massive brawl amongst fans and sports athletes.  A video clip displaying this incident can be viewed at the following site: http://www.evtv1.com/player.aspx?itemnum=715
In the latter of the two incidents reviewed in this entry, EGYPT'S ruling Supreme Council of the Armed Forces has announced three days of national mourning after at least 74 people were killed and hundreds injured in a brawl between rival soccer fans. The violence erupted after a match in the city of Port Said.  It was the bloodiest outbreak of lawlessness since the ouster of President Hosni Mubarak one year ago. The clashes and stampede did not appear to be directly linked to the political turmoil in Egypt, but the violence raises questions over the ability of police to manage crowds in the wake of the uprising that forced Mubarak to step down. Protest marches were being planned over the police's inability to curb the violence. Soccer fans rushed on to the field on Wednesday following an unexpected win by the home team against the country's top club, setting off clashes and a stampede. It was the worst incident of soccer violence in Egypt and the deadliest worldwide since 1996. One player said it was ''like a war.” The melee broke out when fans of Al-Masry, the home team, stormed the field after a rare 3-1 win against Al-Ahly. Al-Masry supporters hurled sticks and stones as they chased players and fans of the rival team, who ran towards the exits to escape, witnesses said. Health ministry officials said most deaths had been caused by concussion, deep cuts to the head and suffocation during the stampede. Al-Ahly player Mohammed Abu Trika criticized the police for standing idly by during the violence. ''People here are dying and no one is doing a thing. It's like a war,'' he told media. ''Is life this cheap,” he questioned.  TV footage showed Al-Ahly players rushing for their locker room as fist fights broke out among the hundreds of fans swarming on to the field. Some men had to rescue a manager from the losing team as he was being beaten. Black-clothed police officers stood by, appearing overwhelmed. Egypt’s state prosecutor ordered an investigation, and the Egypt Football Association suspended the championship indefinitely. Parliament said it would convene an emergency session .State TV reported the casualty toll, citing a health ministry official. A medic in the Port Said morgue gave the same figures and said some of the dead were security officers. Sepp Blatter, president of the world soccer governing body FIFA, said ''this is a black day for football''.
Building upon these ideas, psychologists have investigated spectator aggression at sporting events.  Initially, sports psychologists question whether the viewing of athlete’s aggressive behavior serves as a cathartic experience for fans (hereafter, referred to as the catharsis theory).  Weinberg et al. (2007) present evidence which disproves this theory: “researchers found that observing a sporting event does not lower the level of the spectator’s aggression” (544); rather, one has a greater propensity to engage in violent behavior after viewing similar acts in a sports broadcast, for example.   Weinberg et al. (2007) further suggest that such factors as team identification and social class (544) may have bearing upon one’s likelihood to engage in aggressive acts.  Perhaps the present packaging of sports as ‘confrontainment’ contributes to this heightened intimacy and consequent pattern of aggression.  Studies thus confirm that “[fans] may be looking for violent behavior as a source of enjoyment” (544).  If sports are indeed packaged as confrontainment, do sports serve as an ideal arena for cathartic release?  In what ways do varying degrees of fandom dictate ones inclination to be physically emotive?  In the further examination of the link between on court and spectator aggression, one should consider what measures sporting associations can implement to lessen the prevalence of such destructive behaviors.  It is possible that through instating greater regulations and penalties for on court violence, athletes would be less likely to fight amongst one in other, which would lead to a decline in fan aggression.  Moreover, if sports are indeed packaged as confrontainment, do sports serve as an ideal arena for cathartic release?  In what ways does fandom dictate ones inclination to be physically emotive?
WORD COUNT: 1,489
Works Cited
Bryant, Arthur A. Raney and Jennings.  “Handbook of Sports and Media.” Why We Watch Sports and Enjoy Mediated Sports.  Lawrence Erlbaum, 2006. 322-323.
Weinberg, Robert S. and Gould, Daniel.  Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 2011. Print.